Public Health Research Institute Center
UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School
225 Warren Street
Newark, New Jersey 07103

Phone: (973) 854-3220
e-mail: kaplangi@umdnj.edu


Research Summary

Gilla Kaplan, Ph.D., Professor of Medicine in the Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis at the Public Health Research Institute Center of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Dr. Kaplan’s expertise encompasses studies of human disease and animal models to better understand host immune responses and the role of cytokine production in the pathogenesis of microbial infections. For the past 30 years, Dr. Kaplan has been studying the role of macrophage activation in the host response, initially to tumors and later to mycobacterial infections. She and her colleagues have studied immune responses to intradermal administration of recombinant interferon gamma (rIFN-Gamma), interleukin 2 (rIL2) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) in persons with lepromatous leprosy; examined T cell responsiveness and suppression in leprosy; defined immune activation and gene expression in patients with tuberculosis (TB) following treatment with rIL-2; and characterized interactions between M. tuberculosis and HIV or M. leprae and HIV in co-infected patients. More recently, Dr. Kaplan and her group determined that the production of macrophage proinflammatory cytokines are differentially induced following infection with different clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis, leading to different extents of disease progression and clinical outcome. Dr. Kaplan and her team have shown that thalidomide treatment modifies TNF-Alpha and IL-12 production and can improve outcome in humans with lepromatous leprosy, TB or HIV infection, in animal models of inhalational TB (in mice) and TB meningitis (in rabbits), and in vitroin M.tuberculosis-infected human monocytes. Dr. Kaplan and her team have since developed two classes of novel, synthetic analogues of thalidomide that reduce TNF-Alpha production by 50,000 times more than the parent drug, thalidomide, and with fewer deleterious side effects. Co-treatment with these analogues, in combination with antibiotics, is significantly more efficient in reducing TNF-Alpha production and improving survival of rabbits with experimental TB meningitis than antibiotic treatment alone. The immunomodulatory drugs are being further tested as adjunctive therapy to antibiotic treatment in mice and rabbits with pulmonary TB to reduce tissue injury and improve response to treatment.

In addition to Dr. Kaplan's studies at the Public Health Research Institute, she has a number of off shore collaborative studies being conducted at the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. The pathogenic process that occurs in the lung of TB patients is being analyzed and the effect of antiretroviral treatment of HIV infected individuals on TB disease and MTB transmission are being studied in collaboration with Dr. Linda-Gail Bekker Wood. In addition, immunologic correlates of BCG vaccination-induced protective immunity against TB disease in infants are being defined in collaboration with Dr (s) Willem Hanekom and Greg Hussey. Dr. Kaplan has recently begun a study to explore host and pathogen factors that contribute to the failure of treatment of MDR TB, ultimately leading to emergence of XDR TB strains in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients in collaboration with Drs. Gerrit Coetzee, Clive Gray and Martin Grobusch of the National Health Laboratory Services and the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. In addition, Dr. Kaplan is the PI of a Fogarty International Training Grant “Analysis of X/MDR TB strains: safety, diagnosis and pathogenesis. The grant will bring South African TB investigators to UMDNJ to train in TB molecular epidemiology, diagnostics and safe Biosafety Level 3 practices.




Recent Articles

Bochud, P.-Y., D. Sinsimer, A. Aderem, M.R. Siddiqui, P. Saunderson, S. Britton, I. Abraham, A. T. Argaw, M. Janer, T. R. Hawn, and G. Kaplan. (2009).
Polymorphism in Toll-like Receptor 4 Are associated with protection against leprosy.
E.J. Clin. Micro Infect. Dis., PMCID: PMC2656610

Reich-Slotky R., C.A. Kabbash, P. Della-Latta, S.J. Feinmark, S. Freeman, G. Kaplan, S.C. Silverstein and H.A. Shuman. (2009).
Gemfirozil (LopidTM) inhibits enoyl-CoA reductase of legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and blocs their growth in macrophages.
J. Bacteriol., May 8, 1128:175-179, PMCID: 19430824; PMC Journal – In Process.

Middlekoop K., L.-G. Bekker, B. Mathema, E. Shashkina, N. Kureina A. Whitelaw, D. Fallows, C. Morrow, B. Kreiswirth, G. Kaplan, and R. Wood. (2009).
Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in South African community with high HIV prevalence.
In Press. J. Infec. Dis., PMC Journal – In Process.

Bochud, P.-Y., T.R. Hawn, M.R. Siddiqui, P. Saunderson, S. Britton, I. Abraham, A. T. Argaw, M. Janer, L.P. Zhao, G. Kaplan, and A. Aderem. (2008).
Toll-like receptor 2 polymorphisms are associated with reversal reaction in leprosy.
J. Infect. Dis., 197:253-261.

Sarno, E.N., X. Illarramendi, J.A.C. Nery, A.M. Sales, M.C. Guiterrez-Galhardo, M.L.F. Penna, E.P. Sampaio, G. Kaplan. (2008).
HIV M. leprae Interaction: Can HAART modify the course of leprosy?
Public Health Reports, 123:206-212.

Soares A.P., S. Joseph, R. Harbacheuski, R.A. Murray, A. Hawkridge, G.D. Hussey, H. Maecker, G. Kaplan and W.A. Hanekom. (2008).
Bacille Calmette Guerin vaccination of human newborns induces T cells with complex cytokine and phenotypic profiles.
J. Immun., 180:3569-3577.

Kana B.D., B.G. Gordhan, K.J. Downing, N. Sung, G. Vostroktunova, E. E. Machowski, L. Tsenova, M. Young, A. Kaprelyants, G. Kaplan, and V. Mizrahi. (2008).
The resuscitation-promoting factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are collectively dispensable for growth in broth culture but are required for resuscitation from dormancy and growth in mice.
Mol. Micro., 67:672-84.

Misch E.A., M. Macdonald, C. Ranjit, B.R. Sapkota, R. Wells, M.R. Siddiqui, G. Kaplan, and T.R. Hawn. (2008.)
Human TLR1 deficiency is associated with impaired mycobacterial signaling and protection from leprosy reversal reaction.
Plos. Neglected Tropical Diseases, May 1; 2:e231:1-9, PMCID: PMC2330092.

Sinsimer D., G. Huet, C. Manca, L. Tsenova, M.-S. Koo, N. Kurepina, B. Kana, B. Mathema, S.A.E. Marras, B. N. Kreiswirth, C. Guilhot, and G. Kaplan. (2008).
The Phenolic glycolipid of Mycobacterium tuberculosis differentially, modulates the early host cytokine response but does not in itself confer hypervirulence.
Infect. Immuno., July 1; 76:3027-3036. PMCID: PMC2446685

Mowa M.B., D.F. Warner, G. Kaplan, B.D. Kana and V. Mizrahi. (2008).
Function and regulation of class I ribonucleotide reductase-encoding genes in mycobacteria.
J. Bact., PMCID: PMC2632068

Hoft D.F., A. Blazevic, G. Abate, W.A. Hanekom, G. Kaplan, J.H. Soler, J.B. McClain, F. Weichold, L. Geiter and M.A. Horwitz. (2008).
A new recombinant BCG Vaccine safely induces significantly enhanced TB-specific immunity in human volunteers.
J. Infect. Dis., Nov 15; 198: 1491-1501, PMCID: PMC2670060.

Watkins M.L.V., P.L. Semple, B. Abel, W.A. Hanekom, G. Kaplan and S.R. Ress. (2008).
Exposure of cord blood to Mycobacterium bovis BCG induces an innate response but not a T-cell cytokine response.
Clin. Vaccine Immunol., Nov 15, 15:202-208, PMCID: PMC2583525.

Mansoor N., T. Scriba, J. Hughes, de Kock M., Tameris M., S. Mlenjeni, L. Denation, F. Little, S. Gelderbloem, A. Hawkridge, H. Boom, G. Kaplan, G. Hussey and W. Hanekom. (2008).
Significantly skewed memory CD8+ T-cell subsets in HIV-1 infected infants during the first year of life.
Clin. Immunol., March 1, 130(3):280-289, PMCID: 18996749; PMC Journal – In Process

Mansoor N., T.J. Scriba, M. de Kock, M. Tameris, B. Abel, A. Kevser, F. Little, A. Soares, S. Gelderbloem, S. Mlenjeni, L. Denation, A. Hawkridge, W.H. Boo, G. Kaplan, G.D. Hussey, and W.A. Hanekom. (2008).
Infant HIV-1 infection impairs the bacilli calmette-guerin vaccine induced immune response.
J Infect Dis. Apr 1;199(7):982-990, PMCID:19236280; PMC Journal – In Process

Hawkridge A., M. Hatherill, F. Little, M.A. Goetz, L. Baker, H. Mohamed, J. Sandoff, W. Hanekom, L. Geiter, and the South African BCG trial team. (2008).
Efficacy of percutaneous versus intrademal BCG in the prevention of tuberculosis in South African infants; randomized trial.
BMJ. Nov 13; 337: PMCID: PMC2583390.

Fletcher H.A., A. Keyser, M. Bowmaker, P. Sayles, A. Hawkridge, G. Kaplan, G. Hussey, A.V.S. Hill and W.A. Hanekom. (2008).
Transcriptional profiling of mycobacterial antigen-induced responses in infants vaccinated with BCG at birth.
BMC Medical Genomics, Feb. 24, 2:10, PMCID: PMC2654906.

Wood R., K. Middlekoop, L. Myer, A.D. Grant, A. Whitelaw, S.D. Lawn, G. Kaplan, R. Huebner, J. McIntyre, and L. G. Bekker. (2007).
The burden of undiagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in an African community with high HIV-prevalence: implication for TB control.
American J. Resp. Critical Care Med., 175:87-93.

Davids V., W. Hanekom, A. Hawkridge, G. Hussey, J. Soler, R.A. Murray, S.R. Ress and G. Kaplan. (2007).
Dose Dependent Immune Response to BCG Vaccination in Neonates.
Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 14:198-200.

Tsenova L., R. Harbacheuski, N. Sung, E. Ellison, D. Fallows and G. Kaplan. (2007).
BCG vaccination confers poor protection against M. tuberculosis HN878-induced central nervous system disease.
Vaccine, 28:5126-5132.

Murray, R.A., N. Mansoor, R. Harbacheuski, J. Soler, H. Maecker, A. Hawkridge, G.D. Hussey, V. Davids, G. Kaplan and W.A. Hanekom. (2006).
BCG vaccination of human newborns induces a specific functional CD8+ T cell response.
J. Immunol., 177:5647-5651.

Melikoglu M., S. Uysal, J.G. Krueger, G. Kaplan, F. Gogus, H. Yazici and Stephen Oliver. (2006).
A controlled study of the hyer-reactive skin pathergy phenomenon in Becet’s disease.
J. Immunol., 177:6415-6421.

Mendelson, M. W.A. Hanekom, S. Ntutela, M. Vogt, G. Maartens, and G. Kaplan. (2006).
Quantitative and functional differences in peripheral blood myeloid dendritic cells of patients with pleural and with parenchymal lung TB.
Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 13:132-136.

Murray R.A., R. Siddiqui, M. Mendillo, J. Krahenbuhl and G. Kaplan. (2006).
Mycobacterium leprae inhibits dendritic cell activation and maturation.
J. Immunol., 178:338-344.

Murray, R.A., N. Mansoor, R. Harbacheuski, J. Soler, H. Maecker, A. Hawkridge, G.D. Hussey, V. Davids, G. Kaplan and W.A. Hanekom. (2006).
BCG vaccination of human newborns induces a specific functional CD8+ T cell response.
J. Immunol., 177: 5647-5651, 2006.

Timm J., N. Kurepina, B.N. Kreiswirth, F.A. Post, G.B. Walther, H.C. Wainwright, L-G. Bekker, G. Kaplan and J.D. McKinney. (2006).
A multidrug-resistant, alpha-crystallin-deficient clinical isolate of mycobacterium tuberculosis is unimpaired for replication in macrophages.
J. Infect. Dis., 193:1703-1710, 2006.

Tsenova L., R. Harbacheuski, A.L Moreira, E. Ellison, W. Dalemans, M.R. Alderson, S. G. Reed, Y.A.W. Skeiky and G. Kaplan. (2006).
Evaluation of the Mtb72F polyprotein vaccine in a rabbit model of tuberculous meningitis.
Infec. Immun., 74: 2392-2401, 2006.

Tsenova L, Harbacheuski R, Ellison E, Manca C and Kaplan G. (2006).
Aerosol exposure system for rabbits: application to M. tuberculosis infection.
Applied Biosafety, 11:7-14, 2006.

Freeman S, Post FA., Bekker L-G, Harbacheuski R, Steyn LM, Ryffel B, Connell ND, Kreiswirth BN and Kaplan G. (2006).
Mycobacterim tuberculosis H37Ra and H37Rv differential growth and cytokine/chemokine induction in murine macrophages in vitro.
J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 26: 27-33, 2006.

Davids, V, Hanekom WA, Mansoor N, Gamieldien H, Gelderbloem SJ, Hawkridge A, Hussey GD, Huges EJ, Soler J, Murray RA, Ress SR, and Kaplan G. (2006).
The effect of BCG vaccine strain and route of administration on induced immune responses in vaccinated infants.
J. Infect. Dis., 196: 531-536, 2006.

Manca, C, Tsenova L, Freeman S, Barczak AK, Tovey M, Murray PJ, Barry CE 3rd, and Kaplan G. (2005).
Hypervirulent M. tuberculosis W/Beijing strains upregulate type I IFNs and increase expression of negative regulators of the Jak/Stat pathway.
J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 694-701, 2005.

Haslett PAJ, Roche P, Butlin R, Macdonald M, Shrestha N, Manandhar R, LeMaster J, Hawkhurst R, Shah M, Lubinsky AS, Albert M, Worley J and Kaplan G. (2005).
Effective treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum with thalidomide is associated with immune stimulation.
J. Infect. Dis., 192:2045-2053, 2005.

Shrestha N., J.A. Ida, A.S. Lubinski, M Pallin, G. Kaplan, and P.A.J. Haslett. (2005).
Regulation of Acquired Immunity by T-cell dendritic cells Interactions.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1062:1-16, 2005.

Kaplan G. (2005).
Rational vaccine development--a new trend in tuberculosis control.
N Engl J. Med. 2005 Oct 13;353(15):1624-5.

Tsenova L, Ellison E, Harbacheuski R, Moreira A.L, Kurepina N, Reed MB, Mathema B, Barry C E 3rd and Kaplan G. (2005).
Virulence of selected Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in the rabbit model of meningitis is dependent on phenolic glycolipid produced by the bacilli.
J Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 1;192(1):98-106.

Barczak A, Domenech P, Boshoff HIM, Reed M.B, Kaplan G, and Barry CE 3rd. (2005).
in vivo phenotypic dominance in mouse mixed infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates.
J Infect Dis. 2005 Aug 15;192(4):600-6.

Davidow, A, Kanaujia GV, Shi L, Kaviar J, Guo X, Sung N, Kaplan G, Menzies D, and Gennaro ML. (2005).
Antibody profiles characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection state.
Infect Immun. 2005 Oct;73(10):6846-51.

Hanekom WA, Hughes J, Mavinkurve M, Mendillo M, Watkins M, Gamieldien H, Gelderbloem SJ, Sidibana M, Mansoor N, Davids V, Murray RA, Hawkridge A, Haslett PA, Ress S, Hussey GD, Kaplan G. (2004).
Novel application of a whole blood intracellular cytokine detection assay to quantitate specific T-cell frequency in field studies.
J Immunol Methods. 2004 Aug;291(1-2):185-95
PMID: 15345316
Abstract

Reed MB, Domenech P, Manca C, Su H, Barczak AK, Kreiswirth BN, Kaplan G, Barry CE 3rd. (2004).
A glycolipid of hypervirulent tuberculosis strains that inhibits the innate immune response.
Nature. 2004 Sep 2;431(7004):84-7
PMID: 15343336
Abstract  |  Full Article

Manca C, Reed MB, Freeman S, Mathema B, Kreiswirth B, Barry CE 3rd, Kaplan G. (2004).
Differential monocyte activation underlies strain-specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis.
Infect Immun. 2004 Sep;72(9):5511-4
PMID: 15322056
Abstract  |  Full Article

Post FA, Willcox PA, Mathema B, Steyn LM, Shean K, Ramaswamy SV, Graviss EA, Shashkina E, Kreiswirth BN, Kaplan G. (2004).
Genetic polymorphism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with chronic multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
J Infect Dis. 2004 Jul 1;190(1):99-106. Epub 2004 May 28
PMID: 15195248
Abstract  |  Full Article

Schoeman JF, Springer P, van Rensburg AJ, Swanevelder S, Hanekom WA, Haslett PA, Kaplan G. (2004).
Adjunctive thalidomide therapy for childhood tuberculous meningitis: results of a randomized study.
J Child Neurol. 2004 Apr;19(4):250-7
PMID: 15163089
Abstract

Domenech P, Reed MB, Dowd CS, Manca C, Kaplan G, and Barry CE. (2004).
The role of MmpL8 in sulfatide biogenesis and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
J Biol Chem. 2004 May 14;279(20):21257-65. Epub 2004 Mar 04.
PMID: 15001577
Abstract  |  Full Article

Kaplan G, Post FA, Moreira AL, Wainwright H, Kreiswirth BN, Tanverdi M, Mathema B, Ramaswamy SV, Walther G, Steyn LM, Barry CE 3rd, Bekker LG. (2003).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth at the cavity surface: a microenvironment with failed immunity.
Infect Immun. 2003 Dec;71(12):7099-108
PMID: 14638800
Abstract  |  Full Article

Dawes SS, Warner DF, Tsenova L, Timm J, McKinney JD, Kaplan G, Rubin H, Mizrahi V. (2003).
Ribonucleotide reduction in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: function and expression of genes encoding class Ib and class II ribonucleotide reductases.
Infect Immun. 2003 Nov;71(11):6124-31
PMID: 14573627
Abstract  |  Full Article

Timm J, Post FA, Bekker LG, Walther GB, Wainwright HC, Manganelli R, Chan WT, Tsenova L, Gold B, Smith I, Kaplan G, McKinney JD. (2003).
Differential expression of iron-, carbon-, and oxygen-responsive mycobacterial genes in the lungs of chronically infected mice and tuberculosis patients.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Nov 25;100(24):14321-6. Epub 2003 Nov 17
PMID: 14623960
Abstract  |  Full Article

Dahl JL, Kraus CN, Boshoff HI, Doan B, Foley K, Avarbock D, Kaplan G, Mizrahi V, Rubin H, Barry CE 3rd. (2003).
The role of RelMtb-mediated adaptation to stationary phase in long-term persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 19;100(17):10026-31. Epub 2003 Aug 01
PMID: 12897239
Abstract  |  Full Article

Hanekom WA, Mendillo M, Manca C, Haslett PA, Siddiqui MR, Barry C 3rd, Kaplan G. (2003).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro.
J Infect Dis. 2003 Jul 15;188(2):257-66. Epub 2003 Jul 09
PMID: 12854081
Abstract  |  Full Article

Tsenova, L., B. Mangaliso, A.L. Moreira and G. Kaplan. (2003).
Virulent clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis cross the blood-brain barrier and cause severe pulmonary and central nervous system disease.
Submitted, 2003

Haslett PA, Hanekom WA, Muller G, Kaplan G. (2003).
Thalidomide and a Thalidomide Analogue Drug Costimulate Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells In Vitro.
J Infect Dis 2003 Mar 15;187(6):946-55
PMID: 12660941
Abstract  |  Full Article

Post, F.A., L-G., Bekker, P. Bifani, L.M. Steyn, B. Ryffel, N.D. Connell, B.N. Kreiswirth and G. Kaplan. (2002).
TNF-a dependent growth restriction of M. tuberculosis H37Ra in murine macrophages in vitro.
Submitted, 2002

Murray HW, Lu CM, Mauze S, Freeman S, Moreira AL, Kaplan G, Coffman RL. (2002).
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in experimental visceral leishmaniasis and IL-10 receptor blockade as immunotherapy.
Infect Immun. 2002 Nov;70(11):6284-93
PMID: 12379707
Abstract  |  Full Article

Jaslow R, Kaplan G, Lyons L, Michaeli J, Coleman M. (2002). Thalidomide in multiple myeloma--from the clinic to the laboratory.
Cancer Invest 2002;20(7-8):1051-8
PMID: 12449738

Siddiqui MR, Moreira AL, Negesse Y, Taye GA, Hanekom WA, Haslett PA, Britton S, Kaplan G. (2002).
Local nerve damage in leprosy does not lead to an impaired cellular immune response or decreased wound healing in the skin.
J Infect Dis 2002 Jul 15;186(2):260-5
PMID: 12134264
Abstract  |  Full Article

Tsenova L, Mangaliso B, Muller G, Chen Y, Freedman VH, Stirling D, Kaplan G. (2002).
Use of IMiD3, a Thalidomide Analog, as an Adjunct to Therapy for ExperimentalTuberculous Meningitis.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Jun;46(6):1887-95
PMID: 12019105
Erratum in: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Jul;46(7):2313
Abstract  |  Full Article

Wohl DA, Aweeka FT, Schmitz J, Pomerantz R, Cherng DW, Spritzler J, Fox L, Simpson D, Bell D, Holohan MK, Thomas S, Robinson W, Kaplan G, Teppler H;
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group267. (2002).
Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic effects of thalidomide in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: AIDS Clinical Trials Group 267.
J Infect Dis 2002 May 1;185(9):1359-63
PMID: 12001058
Abstract  |  Full Article

Moreira AL, Tsenova L, Aman MH, Bekker LG, Freeman S, Mangaliso B, Schroder U, Jagirdar J, Rom WN, Tovey MG, Freedman VH, Kaplan G. (2002).
Mycobacterial antigens exacerbate disease manifestations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice.
Infect Immun 2002 Apr;70(4):2100-7
PMID: 11895976
Abstract  |  Full Article

Oliver SJ, Kikuchi T, Krueger JG, Kaplan G. (2002).
Thalidomide induces granuloma differentiation in sarcoid skin lesions associated with disease improvement.
Clin Immunol 2002 Mar;102(3):225-36
PMID: 11890709
Abstract  |  Full Article

Strauch B, Rodriguez DM, Diaz J, Yu HL, Kaplan G, Weinstein DE. (2001).
Autologous Schwann cells drive regeneration through a 6-cm autogenous venous nerve conduit.
J Reconstr Microsurg 2001 Nov;17(8):589-95; discussion 596-7
PMID: 11740653
Abstract

Hanekom WA, Hughes J, Haslett PA, Apolles P, Ganiso V, Allin R, Goddard E, Hussey GD, Kaplan G (2001).
The immunomodulatory effects of thalidomide on human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.
J Infect Dis 2001 Nov 1;184(9):1192-6
PMID: 11598844
Abstract  |  Full Article

Bekker LG, Freeman S, Murray PJ, Ryffel B, Kaplan G. (2001).
TNF-alpha controls intracellular mycobacterial growth by both inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent and inducible nitric oxide synthase-independent pathways.
J Immunol 2001 Jun 1;166(11):6728-34
PMID: 11359829
Abstract |  Full Article

Manca C, Tsenova L, Bergtold A, Freeman S, Tovey M, Musser JM, Barry CE 3rd, Freedman VH, Kaplan G. (2001).
Virulence of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolate in mice is determined by failure to induce Th1 type immunity and is associated with induction ofIFN-alpha /beta.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001 May 8;98(10):5752-7
PMID: 11320211
Abstract  |  Full Article

Post FA, Manca C, Neyrolles O, Ryffel B, Young DB, Kaplan G. (2001).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kilodalton lipoprotein inhibits Mycobacterium smegmatis-induced cytokine production by human macrophages in vitro.
Infect Immun 2001 Mar;69(3):1433-9
PMID: 11179309
Abstract  |  Full Article

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