Public Health Research Institute Center
UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School
225 Warren Street
Newark, New Jersey 07103

Phone: (973) 854-3360
e-mail: drlicaka@umdnj.edu



Research Summary

Dr. Drlica's laboratory focuses on fluoroquinolone action and resistance with M. tuberculosis and other bacteria. The fluoroquinolones trap DNA gyrase on bacterial DNA as ternary complexes that rapidly block DNA replication. It is widely believed that complex formation and rapid inhibition of replication cause cell death. However, the Drlica group recently showed that quinolone lethality is not diminished by blockage of replication by other means. In seeking another explanation for rapid cell death they found that it correlates with bacterial chromosome fragmentation. They are seeking to understand how fragmentation occurs in non-growing cells with the aim of developing new anti-tuberculosis fluoroquinolones. They are particularly encouraged by the unusual ability of moxifloxacin to kill M. tuberculosis in the absence of protein synthesis, and they developed an in vitro model for mycobacterial growth arrest using nitric oxide. Current work focuses on modeling quinolone-gyrase-DNA complexes and understanding the role of reactive oxygen species in quinolone-mediated cell death.

Work on resistance has focused on slowing the enrichment and amplification of bacterial subpopulations that are resistant. Early work showed that resistant bacterial mutants are selectively enriched when drug concentrations in agar plates fall inside a particular range (mutant selection window). That observation led to the mutant selection window hypothesis, which has now been tested with fluctuating drug concentrations in vitro and in an animal model with Staphylococcus aureus. It has also passed a small clinical test in which S. aureus resistance developed at the same time susceptible populations were eradicated. The hypothesis explains in part how traditional antimicrobial dosing strategies lead to resistance and suggests ways to severely restrict the acquisition of resistance. The hypothesis has been applied to the design of new fluoroquinolone-like compounds and the selection of mutants generated during treatment. The Drlica group hopes to be able to predict which antibiotic regimens are least likely to enrich mutants prior to widespread clinical use. Persons interested in selection window publications are referred to MSW papers 

Other aspects of the work focus on understanding bacterial stress responses. Here the goal is to identify genes that protect from antimicrobial stress so small-molecule inhibitors can be identified that will enhance the lethal activity of many antimicrobials simultaneously.




Recent Articles

Malik, M., Capecci, J., and Drlica, K. (2009).
Lon protease is essential for paradoxical survival of Escherichia coli when exposed to high concentrations of quinolone.
Antimicrob. Agents Chem. (in press).

Hussain, S., Malik, M., Shi, L., Gennaro, M., and Drlica, K. (2009).
An in vitro model of mycobacterial growth arrest using nitric oxide with limited air.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 157-161.

German, N., Malik, M., Drlica, K., and Kerns, R. (2008).
Use of gyrase resistance mutants to guide synthesis of 8-methoxy-quinazoline-2,4-diones.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 3915-3921.

Baaklini. I., Usongo, V., Nolent, F. Sanscartier, P., Hraiky, C., Drlica, K., Drolet, M. (2008).
Hypernegative supercoiling inhibitsgrowth by causing RNA degradation.
J. Bacteriol. 190: 7346-7356.

Drlica, K., Zhao, X., and Kreiswirth, B. (2008).
Minimizing moxifloxacin resistance with tuberculosis.
Lancet Inf. Dis. 8: 273-275.

Zhao, X., and Drlica, K. (2008).
Unifying anti-mutant antimicrobial dosing strategies.
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62: 434-436

Usongo, V., Sanscartier, P., Nolent, F., Tanguay, C., Broccoli, S., Baaklini, I., Drlica, K., and Drolet, M. (2008).
Depletion of Rnase H1 activity leads to DNA relaxation and segregation defects in Escherichia coli cells lacking DNA topoisomerase I.
Mol. Microbiol. 69: 968-981.

Drlica, K., Malik, M., Kerns, R., and Zhao, X. (2008).
Quinolone-mediated cell death.
Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 52: 385-392

Quinn, B., Hussain, S. Malik, M., Drlica, K. and Zhao, X. (2007).
Daptomycin inoculum effects and mutant prevention concentration with Staphylococcus aureus.
J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60: 1380-1383.

Malik, M., Hussain, S., and Drlica, K. (2007).
Effect of anaerobic growth on quinolone lethality with Escherichia coli.
Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 51: 28-34.

Drlica, K. and Zhao, X. (2007).
Mutant selection window hypothesis updated.
Clin. Inf. Dis 44: 681-688.

Ye, F., Brauer, T., Niehus, E., Drlica, K., Josenhans, C., and Suerbaum, S. (2007).
Flagellar and global gene regulation in Helicobacter pylori modulated by changes in DNA supercoiling.
Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 297: 65-81.

Zhao,X., Quinn, B., Kerns, R., and Drlica, K. (2006).
Bactericidal activity of a piperazinyl-crosslinked ciprofloxacin dimer with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
J. Antimicrob. Chemother 58: 1283-1286.

Cui, J., Liu, Y., Wang, R., Tong, W., Drlica, K., and Zhao, X. (2006).
The mutant selection window in rabbits infected with Staphylococcus aureus.
J. Inf. Dis. 194: 1601-1608.

Singh, A., Singh, Y., Pine, R., Shi, L, Chandra, R., and Drlica, K. (2006).
Protein kinase I of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: cellular localization and expression during infection of macrophage-like cells.
Tuberculosis 86: 28-33.

Hansen, G., Zhao, X., Drlica, K., and Blondeau, J. (2006).
Enrichment of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutant subpopulations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 27: 120-124.

Drlica, K., Zhao, X., Blondeau, J., and Hesje, C. (2006).
Low Correlation between Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Mutant Prevention Concentration (MPC).
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemother. 50: 403-404.

Zhao, X., Malik, M., Chan, N., Drlica-Wagner, A., Wang, J.-Y., Li, X., and Drlica, K. (2006).
Lethal action of quinolones with a temperature-sensitive dnaB replication mutant of Escherichia coli.
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50: 362-364.

Malik, M., and Drlica, K. (2006).
Moxifloxacin lethality with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the presence and absence of chloramphenicol.
Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 50: 2842-2844.

Malik, M., Zhao, X., and Drlica, K. (2006).
Lethal fragmentation of bacterial chromosomes mediated by DNA gyrase and quinolones.
Mol. Microbiol. 61: 810-825.

Wehbeh, W., Rojas-Diaz, R., Li, X., Mariano, N., Louise Grenner, L., Segal-Maurer, S., Tommasulo, B., Drlica, K., Urban, C., and Rahal, J.J. (2005).
Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae: epidemiology and mechanism of resistance.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 2495-2497.

Malik, M. Lu, T., Zhao, X., Singh, A., Hatten, C., Domagala, J., Kerns, R., and Drlica, K. (2005).
Quinolone lethality in the presence and absence of chloramphenicol: studies with Mycobacterium smegmatis .
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 2008-2014.

Liu, Y., Cui, J., Wang, R., Wang, X., Drlica, K. and Zhao, X. (2005).
Selection of rifampicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during tuberculosis therapy: concurrent bacterial eradication and acquisition of resistance.
J. Antimicrobial Chemother. 56:1172-1175.

Epstein BJ, Gums JG, Drlica K. (2004).
The changing face of antibiotic prescribing: the mutant selection window.
Ann Pharmacother. 2004 Oct;38(10):1675-82.
PMID: 15340128
Abstract  |  Full Article

Li X, Mariano N, Rahal JJ, Urban CM, Drlica K. (2004).
Quinolone-resistant Haemophilus influenzae in a long-term-care facility: nucleotide sequence characterization of alterations in the genes encoding DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Sep;48(9):3570-2.
PMID: 15328129
Abstract  |  Full Article

Metzler K, Hansen GM, Hedlin P, Harding E, Drlica K, Blondeau JM. (2004).
Comparison of minimal inhibitory and mutant prevention drug concentrations of 4 fluoroquinolones against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004 Aug;24(2):161-7.
PMID: 15288315
Abstract  |  Full Article

Shopsin B, Zhao X, Kreiswirth BN, Tillotson GS, Drlica K. (2004).
Are the new quinolones appropriate treatment for community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus?
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004 Jul;24(1):32-4.
PMID: 15225857
Abstract  |  Full Article

Wang J-Y, and Drlica, K. (2004).
In vitro test of a computational method for estimating oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization rate to RNA.
Oligonucleotides. 2004;14:167-75.

Etienne M, Croisier D, Charles P-E, Lequeu C, Piroth L, Portier H, Drlica K, and Chavanet P. (2004).
Effect of low-level resistance on subsequent enrichment of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in rabbits.
J. Inf. Dis. 2004;190:1472-75.

Li, X., Mariano, N., Rahal, J., Urban, C., and Drlica, K. (2004).
Quinolone-resistant Haemophilus influenzae: determination of mutant selection window for ciprofloxacin, garenoxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2004;48:4460-62.

Drlica., K. and Zhao, X. (2004).
Is "dosing-to-cure" appropriate in the face of antimicrobial resistance?
Reviews in Medical Microbiology 15:73-80.

Drlica,K., and Zhao, X. (2003).
Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Reviews in Medical Microbiology 14:1-9.

Lu T, Drlica K. (2003).
In vitro activity of C-8-methoxy fluoroquinolones against mycobacteria when combined with anti-tuberculosis agents.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Dec;52(6):1025-8. Epub 2003 Nov 12
PMID: 14613961
Abstract

Zinner SH, Lubenko IY, Gilbert D, Simmons K, Zhao X, Drlica K, Firsov AA. (2003).
Emergence of resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro dynamic model that simulates moxifloxacin concentrations inside and outside the mutant selection window: related changes in susceptibility, resistance frequency and bacterial killing.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Oct;52(4):616-22. Epub 2003 Sep 01.
PMID: 12951352
Abstract

Drlica K. (2003).
The mutant selection window and antimicrobial resistance.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Jul;52(1):11-7. Epub 2003 Jun 12.
PMID: 12805267
Abstract

Lu T, Zhao X, Li X, Hansen G, Blondeau J, Drlica K. (2003).
Effect of chloramphenicol, erythromycin, moxifloxacin, penicillin and tetracycline concentration on the recovery of resistant mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Staphylococcus aureus.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Jul;52(1):61-4. Epub 2003 Jun 12.
PMID: 12805268
Abstract

Wang JY, Drlica K. (2003).
Modeling hybridization kinetics.
Math Biosci 2003 May;183(1):37-47
PMID: 12604134
Abstract  |  Full Article

Firsov AA, Vostrov SN, Lubenko IY, Drlica K, Portnoy YA, Zinner SH. (2003).
In vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation of the mutant selection window hypothesis using four fluoroquinolones against Staphylococcus aureus.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003 May;47(5):1604-13
PMID: 12709329
Abstract  |  Full Article

Zhao X, Eisner W, Perl-Rosenthal N, Kreiswirth B, Drlica K. (2003).
Mutant Prevention Concentration of Garenoxacin (BMS-284756) for Ciprofloxacin-Susceptible or -Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003 Mar;47(3):1023-7
PMID: 12604537
Abstract  |  Full Article

Chopra P, Singh A, Koul A, Ramachandran S, Drlica K, Tyagi AK, Singh Y. (2003).
Cytotoxic activity of nucleoside diphosphate kinase secreted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Eur J Biochem 2003 Feb;270(4):625-34
PMID: 12581202
Abstract  |  Full Article

Drlica K, Malik M. (2003).
Fluoroquinolones: action and resistance.
Curr Top Med Chem 2003;3(3):249-82
PMID: 12570763
Abstract

Hansen GT, Metzler K, Drlica K, Blondeau JM. (2003).
Mutant prevention concentration of gemifloxacin for clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003 Jan;47(1):440-1
PMID: 12499234
Abstract  |  Full Article

Tillotson GS, Zhao X, Drlica K. (2002).
Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia.
N Engl J Med 2002 Jul 4;347(1):65-7; discussion 65-7
PMID: 12102062

Drlica K, Schmitz FJ. (2002).
Therapeutic options in an era of decreasing antimicrobial susceptibility.
J Chemother 2002 Feb;14 Suppl 2:5-12
PMID: 12003139
Abstract

Zhao X, Drlica K.(2002).
Restricting the selection of antibiotic-resistant mutant bacteria: measurement and potential use of the mutant selection window.
J Infect Dis 2002 Feb 15;185(4):561-5
PMID: 11865411
Abstract  |  Full Article

Li X, Zhao X, Drlica K. (2002).
Selection of Streptococcus pneumoniae mutants having reduced susceptibility to moxifloxacin and levofloxacin.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Feb;46(2):522-4
PMID: 11796368
Abstract  |  Full Article

Tillotson G, Zhao X, Drlica K. (2001).
Fluoroquinolones as pneumococcal therapy: closing the barn door before the horse escapes.
Lancet Infect Dis 2001 Oct;1(3):145-6
PMID: 11871490

Lu T, Zhao X, Li X, Drlica-Wagner A, Wang JY, Domagala J, Drlica K. (2001).
Enhancement of fluoroquinolone activity by C-8 halogen and methoxy moieties: action against a gyrase resistance mutant of Mycobacterium smegmatis and a gyrase-topoisomerase IV double mutant of Staphylococcus aureus.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 Oct;45(10):2703-9
PMID: 11557458
Abstract  |  Full Article

Zhao X, Drlica K. (2001).
Restricting the selection of antibiotic-resistant mutants: a general strategy derived from fluoroquinolone studies.
Clin Infect Dis 2001 Sep 15;33 Suppl 3:S147-56
PMID: 11524712
Abstract  |   Full Article

Urban C, Rahman N, Zhao X, Mariano N, Segal-Maurer S, Drlica K, Rahal JJ. (2001).
Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with levofloxacin therapy.
J Infect Dis 2001 Sep 15;184(6):794-8
PMID: 11517444
Abstract  |   Full Article

Koul A, Choidas A, Tyagi AK, Drlica K, Singh Y, Ullrich A. (2001).
Serine/threonine protein kinases PknF and PknG of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: characterization and localization.
Microbiology 2001 Aug;147(Pt 8):2307-14
PMID: 11496007
Abstract  |   Full Article

Friedman SM, Lu T, Drlica K (2001).
Mutation in the DNA gyrase A Gene of Escherichia coli that expands the quinolone resistance-determining region.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 Aug;45(8):2378-80
PMID: 11451702
Abstract  |  Full Article

Drlica K. (2001).
Antibiotic resistance: can we beat the bugs?
Drug Discov Today 2001 Jul 1;6(14):714-715
PMID: 11445459
Abstract  |  Full Article

Heddle JG, Lu T, Zhao X, Drlica K, Maxwell A. (2001).
gyrB-225, a mutation of DNA gyrase that compensates for topoisomerase I deficiency: investigation of its low activity and quinolone hypersensitivity.
J Mol Biol 2001 Jun 22;309(5):1219-31
PMID: 11399091
Abstract  |  Full Article

Blondeau JM, Zhao X, Hansen G, Drlica K. (2001).
Mutant prevention concentrations of fluoroquinolones for clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 Feb;45(2):433-8
PMID: 11158737
Abstract  |  Full Article

PubMed Lisitings>




Book Chapters

Drlica, K., Zhao, X., Malik, M., Salz, T., and Kerns, R. (in press)
Fluoroquinolone resistance: mechanisms, restrictive dosing, and anti-mutant screening strategies for new compounds.
In Antibiotic Discovery and Development, Michael J. Pucci and Thomas J. Dougherty, Eds., Springer-Verlag.

Drlica, K., and Bendich, A. (2009)
Chromosome, Bacterial
In Encyclopedia of Microbiology, M. Schaechter, Ed. p. 507-516.

Drlica, K., Zhao, X., and Malik, M. (2009)
Pathogenesis: Quinolones
In Encyclopedia of Microbiology, M. Schaechter, Ed. p. 707-716.

Drlica, K., Wang, J.-Y., Malik, M., Lu, T., Logan, C., Park, S., Li, X., Perlin, D., Zhao, X. (2008).
An anti-mutant approach for antimicrobial use.
In Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for the 21st Century, I. Fong, K. Drlica, eds. Springer: New York. p. 371-400.

Wang. J.-Y. and Drlica, K. (2007)
Selection of Target Sites in RNA for Antisense Agents.
In Antisense Elements (Genetics) Research Focus, Ed.: A.G. Hernandez. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. p. 71-89.

Drlica, K., Lu, T., Malik, M., and Zhao, X. (2004).
Fluoroquinolones as antituberculosis agents.
In Tuberculosis, W. Rom and S. Garay, eds. pp. 791-807.

Drlica, K. and Hooper, D. (2003).
Mechanism of quinolone action.
In The Quinolones, D. Hooper, ed. American Soc. Microbiology: Washington, pp.19-40.

Drlica, K. and Zhao, X. (2003).
Controlling antibiotic resistance: strategies based on the mutant selection window.
In Re-emergence of established microbial pathogens in the 21st century, I.W. Fong and K. Drlica, eds., Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, pp. 295-331.

Drlica, K. and Gennaro, M. (2001).
Plasmids.
In Encyclopedia of Genetics, S. Brenner and J. Miller, editors-in-chief, Academic Press pp. 1485-1490.

Drlica, K. and Bendich, A. (2000).
Chromosome, Bacterial.
In Encyclopedia of Microbiology, J. Lederberg, ed. second edition; p. 808-821.

Drlica, K., Wu, E.-D., C.-R. Chen, J.-Y. Wang, Zhao, X., Xu, C., Qiu, L., Malik, M., Kayman, S., and Friedman, M. (1999).
Prokaryotic DNA topology.
In Prokaryotic Gene Expression (Frontiers in Molecular Biology); edited by S. Baumberg, ed. pp. 141-168.

Drlica, K. and Woldringh, C. (1998).
Chromosomal organization: nucleoids, chromosomal folding, and DNA topology.
In Bacterial Genomes: Physical Structure and Analysis, edited by F. de Bruijn, J. Lupski, and G. Weinstock. pp 12-22.

Drlica, K., Malik, M., Wang, J.-Y, Levitz, R., and R. Burger. (1996).
The fluoroquinolones as antituberculosis agents.
In Tuberculosis, edited by W. Rom and S. Garay; Little, Brown and Co, NY. 817-827.

Drlica, K. (1992).
The bacterial chromosome.
In Encyclopedia of Microbiology, edited by J. Lederberg 1: 517-527.

Drlica, K and Riley, M. (1990).
An historical introduction to the bacterial chromosome.
In The Bacterial Chromosome, K. Drlica and M. Riley, eds, American Society for Microbiology: Washington, D.C. pp. 3-13.

Drlica, K., Pruss, G., Burger, R. Franco, R., Hsieh, L., and Berger, B. (1990).
Roles of DNA topoisomerases in bacterial chromosome structure and function.
In The Bacterial Chromosome, K. Drlica and M. Riley, eds, American Society for Microbiology: Washington, D.C. pp. 195-204.

Drlica, K., Coughlin, S., and Gennaro, M. (1990).
Mode of action of quinolones: biochemical aspects.
In The New Generation of Quinolones, J. Domagala, C. Heifetz, and C. Siporin, eds., Marcel Dekker Press pp. 45-62.

Drlica, K. (1990).
Genetic Engineering: The Gene.
In Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 1; P.D. Kennewell, editor. Pergamon Press. p. 361-408.

Drlica, K. (1987).
The Nucleoid.
In Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology, F. Neidhardt, ed. 91-103.




Symposium Chapters

Drlica, K., and Zhao., X. (2008).
Mutant selection window hypothesis: a framework for anti-mutant dosing of antimicrobial agents.
In National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH Volume 1, Frontiers in Research, V. Georgiev, Editor. Humana Press Inc., Totawa, NJ. pp 101-106.

Drlica, K. (1999).
Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone action and resistance.
In First International Moxifloxacin Symposium, Berlin, 1999; L. Mandell, Ed. pp 75-83.

Burger, R., and Drlica, K. (1996).
Bleomycin reaction pathways: kinetic approaches.
In DNA Cleavers and Chemotherapy of Cancer or Viral Diseases, edited by B. Meunier, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 91-106.

Rouviere-Yaniv, J., Kiseleva, E., Almeida, A., and Drlica, K. (1992).
Protein HU and DNA supercoiling.
In Prokaryotic Structure and Function: A New Perspective, edited by. S. Mohan, C. Dow, and J. Cole. Soc. for General Microbiol. Symp. 47:414-438.

Hsieh, L.-S., Burger, R.M., and Drlica, K. (1990).
DNA topoisomerases and the bacterial chromosome.
In Structural and Organizational Aspects of Metabolic Regulation, UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, New Series, Volume 134, P. Srere, M.E. Jones, and C. Mathews, eds., Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, NY pp. 153-164.

Franco, R., T. Steck, S. Chevalier, and K. Drlica. (1987).
Bacterial topoisomerase mutations: effects on abundance of proteins and suppression of gyrB by rpoB.
In Mechanisms of DNA Replication and Recombination, UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, New Series. 47: 533-541.

Drlica, K., G. J. Pruss, S. H. Manes, and S. G. Chevalier. (1986).
DNA topoisomerase mutations in bacteria.
In Bacterial Chromatin, C. Gualerzi, ed. Springer-Verlag. pp. 52-63.

Drlica, K. and A. Worcel. (1975).
Viscometric analysis of conformational transitions in the Escherichia coli chromosome.
DNA Replication: ICN-UCLA Symposium on Molecular Biology (F. Fox and P. Hanawalt, eds.). pp 138-158.




Books Authored

Drlica, K. (2003).
Understanding DNA: A Guide for the Curious.
(John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition)

Drlica, K. (1997).
Understanding DNA: A Guide for the Curious.
(John Wiley & Sons, Third Edition).

Drlica, K. (1996).
Double-Edged Sword: The Promises and Risks of the Genetic Revolution.
Addison-Wesley 242 pp. (revised paperback edition).

Drlica, K. (1994).
Double-Edged Sword: The Promises and Risks of the Genetic Revolution.
Addison-Wesley 242 pp.

Drlica, K. (1992).
Understanding DNA and Gene Cloning: A Guide for the Curious.
John Wiley & Sons, 2nd edition 240 pp. (edtions in English and German).

Drlica, K. (1984).
Understanding DNA and Gene Cloning: A Guide for the Curious.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 205 pp. (editions in English, Japanese, and Italian).




Books Edited

Fong, I.W. and Drlica, K. eds. (2008).
Antimicrobial Resistance and Implications for the 21st Century
Springer Science+Business Media, pp 407.

Fong, I.W., and Drlica, K. eds. (2003).
Re-emergence of established microbial pathogens in the 21st century.
Kluwer/Plenum Press, pp. 367.

Drlica, K. and Riley, M., eds. (1990).
The Bacterial Chromosome.
American Society of Microbiology: Washington 469 pp.




Other Sponsored Work

Wang, X. and Zhao, X. (2009).
Contribution of oxidative damage to antibiotic lethality.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53:1395-1402.

Wu, X., Wang, H., and Zhao, X. (2008).
Antimicrobial studies with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa two-allele library require caution.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemonther. 52: 3826-3827.

Zhao X. (2003).
Clarification of MPC and the mutant selection window concept.
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Oct;52(4):731; author reply 732-3. Epub 2003 Sep 12.
PMID: 12972446

Lu, T., Malik, M., and Drlica-Wagner, A. (2001).
C-8-methoxy fluoroquinolones.
Research Advances in Antimicrobial Agents & Chemother. 2001;2:29-42.

Wang, J.-Y. (1998).
Mathematical relationships among DNA supercoiling, cation concentration, and temperature for prokaryotic transcription.
Mathematical Biosciences. 1998;151:155-63.

Pruss, G. (1985).
DNA topoisomerase I mutants: increased heterogeneity in linking number and other replicon-dependent changes in DNA supercoiling.
J. Mol. Biol. 1985;185:51-63.